General Information
Included in this section are statistics from the US Census Bureau describing this population.

• Population ~ 10 million Asians contribute to the U.S. population; of those 1.7% are Hmong.
• Marital Status ~ Married: 55.2% | Never Married: 36.4% | Divorced: 2.3%
• Citizenship Status ~ Native: 44.4% | Foreign born, naturalized citizen: 17.4% | Foreign born, not a citizen: 38.2%
• Language Spoken at Home ~ English only: 4.4% | Non-English at home, but speaks English very well: 37% | Non-English at home, English spoken less than well: 58.6%
• Education For individuals 25 years of age and older ~ Less than high school: 59.6% | High school graduate: 16.1% | Some college/associate’s degree: 16.8% | Bachelor’s degree or more: 7.5%
• Occupation Management/Professional ~ 17.1%Service: 15.6% | Sales/office: 20.6% | Farming/fishing/forestry: 0.4% | Construction/maintenance: 4.5% | Production/transportation/material moving: 41.7%
• Median Family Income ~ $32,384

*The above information was obtained from the 2000 U.S. Census from the U.S. Census Bureau (http://www.census.gov/). Updated information will be available upon the completion of the 2010 Census.

Internet Website Resources
Use this condensed list of information to locate reliable resources on the internet to further your knowledge about the culture of the client you are working with.

• http://personal.uncc.edu/macurran/2002/webproject/asi.htm
  • Traditional Techniques of Healing
• http://www.aahperd.org/iejhe/template.cfm?template=2005/perez.html
  • The International Electronic Journal of Health Education
  • Shamanic Practices
• http://www.hmonghealth.org/abouthttp://personal.uncc.edu/macurran/2002/webproject/asi.htm
• http://www.aahperd.org/iejhe/template.cfm?template=2005/perez.html
  • Hmong Health Education
  • Hmong Health Education Network
• http://www.hmongnet.org
  • Resources
  • Links
• http://www.pbs.org
• http://www.tolerance.org

Books and Videos
Included in the list of books and videos that may make you learn more about your client are a list of discussion questions to answer as you read the book or watch the video. These questions are designed to get you to think about the material and apply what you’ve learned to working with your patient.

• Books:
  • Asian Nation. (2005). Asian American History, Demographics & Issues. Retrieved on April 11, 2009 from:
    • http://www.asian-nation.org/
  • Bryan, N. (2003). Hmong Americans One Nation. Edina: Abdo Publishing Company.
  • Cha, D. (2003). Hmong American Concepts of Health: Asian Americans Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics. London: Routledge.
  • Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota. (2003). Hmong Culture and Medical Conditions. Retrieved on April 11, 2009 from:
    • http://xpedio02.childrenshc.org/stellent/groups/public/@xcp/@web/@clinicsanddepts/documents/policyreference procedure/web025019.asp
  • Culhane-Pera, K., Vawter, D. E., Xiong, P., & Babbit, B. (2003). Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong families and western providers. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Deitz Shea, P. (2003). Tangled threads: A Hmong Girl’s Story. Michigan: Gale Group.
  • Duffy, J. M. (2007). Writing from these roots: The historical development of literacy in a Hmong American community. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Faderman, L. (1999). I began my life all over: The Hmong and the American immigrant experience. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Fadiman, A. (1998). The spirit catches you and you fall down. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Hein, J. (2006). Ethnic origins: The adaptation of Cambodian and Hmong refugees in four American cities. New York: Russell Sage Foundations.
  • Hmong Health Education Network. (2006). Hmong health education network. Retrieved on April 11, 2009 from:
    • http://www.hmonghealth.org/about/
  • Kemp, C. & Rasbridge, L. A. (2004). Refugee and immigrant health: A handbook for health professionals. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Murphey Mote, S. (2004). Hmong and American: Stories of transition to a strange land. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.
  • Pfeifer, M. E. (n.d.). WWW Hmong homepage. Retrieved April 11, 2009 from:
    • http://www.hmongnet.org
• Videos:
  • Laos: In the shadow of giants [Documentary]. (2000). (Available from Films Media Group from https://secure.films.com/id/102/Laos_In_the_Shadow_ of_the_Giants.htm)

*The creators of this website have not previewed all of the above videos and books, therefore it is recommended that you visit PBS.org or tolerance.org for a complete list of books and videos available.

Scholarly Journals and Search Keywords:
There are many scholarly journals that contain great information concerning healthcare disparities, cultural groups, and healthcare beliefs. Once you have access to these journals, common keywords or phrases are provided to guide your search and narrow your focus.

Journals

• Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
• Journal of the National Medical Association
• Medical Care
• Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health.
• Health Affairs: Project Hope
• Journal of Transcultural Nursing
  • https://culturedmed.sunyit.edu/index.php/bibliographies-by-ethnic-group/hmong
    • List of recommended journal articles

Keywords to Use When Searching

• “Hmong”
• “Lao“
• "Shaman”
• “Healthcare”
• “Multicultural healthcare”
• “Healthcare disparities”
• “Alternative medicine”
• “Hmong medicine”
• “Hmong” AND “healthcare”
• “Hmong” AND “Access to healthcare
• “Hmong” AND “religion”
• “Hmong” and “family structure”